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79 records from EconBiz based on author Name
1. Investments in Pharmaceuticals Before and after Trips
abstractWe examine the relationship between patent protection for pharmaceuticals and investment in development of new drugs. Patent protection has increased around the world as a consequence of the TRIPS Agreement, which specifies minimum levels of intellectual property protection for members of the World Trade Organization. It is generally argued that patents are critical for pharmaceutical research efforts, and so greater patent protection in developing and least-developed countries might result in greater effort by pharmaceutical firms to develop drugs that are especially needed in those countries. Since patents also have the potential to reduce access to treatments through higher prices, it is imperative to assess whether the benefits of increased incentives have materialized in research on diseases that particularly affect the poor. We find that patent protection is associated with increases in research and development (R&D) effort when adopted in high income countries. However, the introduction of patents in developing countries has not been followed by greater investment. Particularly for diseases that primarily affect the poorest countries, our results suggest that alternative mechanisms for inducing R&D may be more appropriate than patents
Kyle, Margaret K.; McGahan, Anita M.;2022
Availability: Link
2. Incentives for pharmaceutical innovation : what's working, what's lacking
Kyle, Margaret K.;2022
Type: Aufsatz in Zeitschrift; Article in journal;
Availability: Link
Citations: 2 (based on OpenCitations)
3. Are intellectual property rights working for society?
Castaldi, Carolina; Giuliani, Elisa; Kyle, Margaret K.; Nuvolari, Alessandro;2024
Type: Aufsatz in Zeitschrift; Article in journal;
Availability:
Link 4. Strategic Responses to Parallel Trade
abstractThis paper examines how pharmaceutical firms have responded to changes in intellectual property rights and trade barriers that legalized "parallel imports" within the European Union. The threat of arbitrage by parallel traders reduces the ability of firms to price discriminate across countries. Due to regulations on price and antitrust law on rationing supply, pharmaceutical firms may rely on non-price responses. Such responses include differentiation of products across countries and selective "culling" of product lines to reduce arbitrage opportunities, as well as raising arbitrageurs' costs through choice of packaging. Using a dataset of drug prices and sales from 1993-2004 covering 30 countries, I find evidence that the behavior of pharmaceutical firms in the EU with respect to their product portfolios is consistent with attempts to reduce parallel trade. This may at least partially explain why parallel trade has not yet resulted in significant price convergence across EU countries. Accounting for non-price strategic responses may therefore be important in assessing the welfare effects of parallel imports
Kyle, Margaret K.;2021
Availability: Link
5. The alignment of innovation policy and social welfare : evidence from pharmaceuticals
Kyle, Margaret K.;2020
Type: Aufsatz in Zeitschrift; Article in journal;
Availability: Link
Citations: 5 (based on OpenCitations)
6. The single market in pharmaceuticals
Kyle, Margaret K.;2019
Type: Aufsatz in Zeitschrift; Article in journal;
Availability: Link
7. Public & Private Spillovers, Location and the Productivity of Pharmaceutical Research
abstractWhile there is widespread agreement among economists and management scholars that knowledge spillovers exist and have important economic consequences, researchers know substantially less about the quot;micro mechanismsquot; of spillovers -- about the degree to which they are geographically localized, for example, or about the degree to which spillovers from public institutions are qualitatively different from those from privately owned firms (Jaffe, 1986; Krugman, 1991; Jaffe et al., 1993; Porter, 1990). In this paper we make use of the geographic distribution of the research activities of major global pharmaceutical firms to explore the extent to which knowledge spills over from proximate private and public institutions. Our data and empirical approach allow us to make advances on two dimensions. First, by focusing on spillovers in research productivity (as opposed to manufacturing productivity), we build closely on the theoretical literature on spillovers that suggests that knowledge externalities are likely to have the most immediate impact on the production of ideas (Romer, 1986; Aghion amp; Howitt, 1997). Second, our data allow us to distinguish spillovers from public research from spillovers from private, or competitively funded research, and to more deeply explore the role that institutions and geographic proximity play in driving knowledge spillovers
Furman, Jeffrey L.; Kyle, Margaret K.; Kyle, Margaret K.; Cockburn, Iain; Henderson, Rebecca;2014
Availability: Link
8. Trade in intellectual property-intensive goods
Delgado, Mercedes; Kyle, Margaret K.;2022
Type: Aufsatz im Buch; Book section;
Availability:
Link 9. Are important innovations rewarded? : evidence from pharmaceutical markets
Kyle, Margaret K.;2018
Type: Aufsatz in Zeitschrift; Article in journal;
Availability: Link
Citations: 7 (based on OpenCitations)
10. Is American Health Care Uniquely Inefficient? Evidence from Prescription Drugs
abstractAlan Garber and Jonathan Skinner (2008) famously conjectured that the US health care system was “uniquely inefficient” relative to other countries. We test this idea using cross-country data on prescription drug sales newly linked with an arguably objective measure of relative therapeutic benefits, or drug quality. Specifically, we investigate how higher and lower quality drugs diffuse in the US relative to Australia, Canada, Switzerland, and the UK. Our tabulations suggest that lower quality drugs diffuse more in the US relative to high quality drugs, compared to each of our four comparison countries – consistent with Garber and Skinner's conjecture
Kyle, Margaret K.; Williams, Heidi;2017
Availability: Link
