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646 records from EconBiz based on author Name
1. Using nudging information to manage congestion and emissions in a road and metro network
abstractThis study studies nudging information as a strategy that can complement or substitute externality pricing, by influencing commuter behavior through awareness of the health and environmental impacts of their choices. We develop a bi-modal model with road and metro commuters, with bottleneck congestion on the road and dynamic crowding congestion in the metro. The model further incorporates health costs and environmental externalities, particularly for road commuters. When commuters are homogeneous, our findings indicate that nudging information generates positive welfare effects except in scenarios with extremely high crowding effects in the metro system. Moreover, nudging information can consistently complement flat road tolls by integrating information and toll schemes to enhance the system's social welfare impact. By adding heterogeneity in environmental preferences, car types, and income, the study further highlights that the effectiveness of such strategies depends on the varied behavioral responses from diverse individuals. Even when the crowding effect is relatively small with heterogeneity, nudging information may result in negative welfare effects by causing welfare-reducing swaps in road commuters' departure patterns; in such cases, it fails to complement flat tolls effectively
Liang, Zhiyuan; Berg, Vincent A. C. van den; Verhoef, Erik T.; Wang, Yacan;2024
Type: Graue Literatur; Non-commercial literature; Arbeitspapier; Working Paper;
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Link Link 2. Pricing in the stochastic bottleneck model with price-sensitive demand
abstractWe analyse time-varying tolling in the stochastic bottleneck model with price-sensitive demand and uncertain capacity. We find that price sensitivity and its interplay with uncertainty have important implications for the effects of tolling on travel costs, welfare and consumers. We evaluate three fully time-variant tolls and a step toll that have been proposed in previous literature. We also consider a uniform toll, which affects overall demand but not trip timing decisions. The first fully time-variant toll is the "first-best" toll, which varies non-linearly over time and results in a departure rate that also varies over time. It raises the generalised price (i.e. the sum of travel cost and toll), thus lowering demand. These outcomes differ fundamentally from those found for first-best pricing in the deterministic bottleneck model. The second we call a "second-best" toll, as it aims to keep the departure rate constant over time. This is optimal without uncertainty, but it lowers welfare with uncertain capacity. Next, "third-best" tolling adds the further constraint that, besides a constant departure rate, the generalised price should stay the same as without tolling. It attains a lower welfare and higher expected travel cost than the second-best scheme, but a lower generalised price. All our tolling schemes-except for the third-best one-raise the price compared to the no-toll case. In our numerical study, when there is less uncertainty, the second-best and third-best tolls achieve welfares closer to that of the first-best toll, and the three schemes are identical without uncertainty. As the degree of uncertainty falls, the uniform and single-step tolls attain welfare gains closer to that from first-best pricing. Also, when demand becomes more price-sensitive, the uniform and single-step tolls attain outcomes closer to those in the first-best outcome. Our ADL equilibrium step toll would lower the generalised price without uncertainty but raises it in our stochastic setting.
Liu, Qiumin; Berg, Vincent A. C. van den; Verhoef, Erik T.; Rui, Jian;2024
Type: Graue Literatur; Non-commercial literature; Arbeitspapier; Working Paper;
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Link Link 3. Preference heterogeneity in a dynamic flow congestion model
abstractWe study how preference heterogeneity affects travel behavior and congestion pricing in a dynamic flow congestion model. We formulate and solve a multi-point optimal control problem using a Hamiltonian-based method to derive the social optimum. The properties of the travel equilibrium are explored analytically, particularly for travelers' arrival rates, arrival intervals, congestion externalities, and tolls. In the absence of tolling, the arrival order is determined by the ratio of the value of time (VOT) to the value of schedule delay, as in the bottleneck model. However, unlike the bottleneck model, the same holds for the social optimum when only the VOT differs across users, as travel delays will not be fully eliminated. In social optimum, the arrival rate, travel delay, and toll jump discontinuously at the boundary time between user types, but these discontinuities do not undermine the stability of the socially optimal equilibrium. Assessment of the distributional effects indicates that users with a lower VOT always lose from tolling, whereas users with a higher VOT may gain or lose from tolling. The latter depends on the type and degree of heterogeneity, the elasticity of travel delay with respect to arrival rate, and the number of users for both types. Compared to the bottleneck model, tolling is less beneficial for society and hurts users more. Our findings reveal the significance of the type of congestion and preference heterogeneity when assessing the implementation of congestion tolling.
Yu, Xiaojuan; Berg, Vincent A. C. van den; Verhoef, Erik T.;2024
Type: Graue Literatur; Non-commercial literature; Arbeitspapier; Working Paper;
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Link Link 4. Autonomous cars and activitybased bottleneck model : how do in-vehicle activities determine aggregate travel patterns?
abstractWhen traveling in an autonomous car, the travel time can be used for performing activities other than driving. This paper distinguishes users' work-related and home-related activities in autonomous cars and proposes an activity-based bottleneck model to investigate travelers' behavior in the morning commute, shedding light on how the scope to undertake in-vehicle activities affects travelers' trip-timing preferences and decisions, and therewith social welfare. These welfare effects can be expected to depend on the optimality of both the market for trips, and the market for vehicles. We therefore consider different supply regimes for automobiles, and un-priced congestion versus queue-eliminating road pricing. We reveal analytically the relationship between users' various in-vehicle activities and trip timing choices by autonomous and normal car users. Three supply regimes for autonomous cars are investigated: welfare-maximizing public supply, competitive marginal cost supply, and profit-maximizing private supply. Pricing rules under different supply regimes are compared analytically, and the relative efficiencies in terms of the welfare gains are compared numerically. Results show that travelers' in-vehicle activity choices have significant impacts on the travel patterns, congestion externality, supply decisions and the associated welfare effects.
Yu, Xiaojuan; Berg, Vincent A. C. van den; Verhoef, Erik T.;2022
Type: Graue Literatur; Non-commercial literature; Arbeitspapier; Working Paper;
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Link Link 5. Will all autonomous cars cooperate? : brands’ strategic interactions under dynamic congestion
abstractAutonomous cars allow safe driving with a smaller headway than that required for normal human-driven cars, thereby potentially improving road capacity. To attain this capacity benefit, cooperation among autonomous cars is vital. However, the future market may have multiple car brands and the incentive for them to cooperate is unknown. This paper investigates competition and cooperation between multiple car brands, which may offer both autonomous and normal cars. In particular, we develop a two-stage game theoretic model to investigate EUDQGV¶strategic interactions and evaluate, from both policy and organizational perspectives, the implications of their cooperation incentives and pricing competition. We compare four market structures: duopoly competition, perfect competition, a public welfare-maximizing monopoly, and a private profit-maximizing monopoly. Various parameters are evaluated, including factors such as price elasticity, capacity effects, and cooperation cost. This evaluation provides policy insights into actions that could be considered by regulators and organizations for the operation of autonomous cars.
Yu, Xiaojuan; Berg, Vincent A. C. van den; Verhoef, Erik T.; Li, Zhi-chun;2022
Type: Graue Literatur; Non-commercial literature; Arbeitspapier; Working Paper;
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Link Link 6. Business models for mobility as an service
abstractTravellers often combine transport services from different firms to form trip chains: e.g. first taking a train and then a bus. Integration of different forms of public and private transport into a single service is gaining attention with the concept of Mobility as a Service (MaaS). Usually the attention focuses on such things as ease of use for travellers and shifting demand away from the car. We focus on the effects of MaaS on behaviour and welfare via the market structure of transportation. In particular, we analyse three archetypical ways in which MaaS could be operationalised: Integrator, Platform, and Intermediary. We find that these models differ strongly in how consumers and firms are affected by the availability of MaaS technologies. The Integrator model seems best for consumers and social welfare. It always leads to lower prices than free competition without MaaS and therefore benefits consumers; transport firm profits can be lower or higher. The Platform model tends to lead to an outcome that is relatively close to free competition without MaaS: prices can be higher or lower, while transport firm profits are lower. Finally, the Intermediary model tends to lead to much higher prices. Regulation of the price that the MaaS firm has to pay may lower prices, but, compared to the Integrator model, the change is often small. So, even without price regulation, MaaS supply can benefit consumers by increasing competition and removing serial marginalisation, even before we consider other benefits of MaaS.
Berg, Vincent A. C. van den; Meurs, Hendrik J.; Verhoef, Erik T.;2022
Type: Graue Literatur; Non-commercial literature; Arbeitspapier; Working Paper;
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Link Link 7. Using nudging information to manage congestion and emissions in a road and metro network
Liang, Zhiyuan; van den Berg, Vincent A. C.; Verhoef, Erik T.; Wang, Yacan;2024
Type: Working Paper;
Availability:
8. Preference heterogeneity in a dynamic flow congestion model
Yu, Xiaojuan; van den Berg, Vincent A. C.; Verhoef, Erik T.;2024
Type: Working Paper;
Availability:
9. Pricing in the stochastic bottleneck model with price-sensitive demand
Liu, Qiumin; van den Berg, Vincent A. C.; Verhoef, Erik T.; Rui, Jian;2024
Type: Working Paper;
Availability:
10. Will urban air mobility fly? : the efficiency and distributional impacts of UAM in different urban spatial structures
abstractRecent technological developments open up possibilities for introducing a vast number of novel mobility concepts in urban environments. One of these new concepts is urban air mobility (UAM). It makes use of passenger drones for on-demand transport in urban settings, promising high travel speeds for those willing and able to pay. This research aims to answer the question how benefits from UAM will be distributed, taking into account the spatial dimension and the differential impacts on low- and high-skilled households. We develop a framework that can more generally be used to assess the welfare impacts resulting from the introduction of novel transport modes. The development of an urban spatial computable general equilibrium model building on the polycentric modelling tradition developed by Anas and coauthors allows for an analysis of mutually dependent effects on the land, labour and product markets, triggered by changes on the transport market. Allowing for an endogenous spatial structure through the introduction of agglomeration effects and an amenity-based approach, the framework investigates the relevance of the initial spatial structure for the impact of the introduction of UAM. Incorporating different skill levels of households allows to assess location choice and travel behaviour for households with different characteristics. A numerical simulation of the model shows that the different initial spatial structures impose comparable welfare changes. Variations in UAM features like marginal cost, prices, land demand for infrastructure, vertical travel speed and access and egress times have a (much) more decisive impact on modal choice and welfare effects than the initial urban structure. Simulations show that considering households of different skill levels brings additional insights, as welfare effects of UAM introduction strongly differ between groups and sometimes even go in opposing directions.
Straubinger, Anna; Verhoef, Erik T.; Groot, Henri L. F. de;2021
Type: Graue Literatur; Non-commercial literature; Arbeitspapier; Working Paper;
Availability:
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