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517 records from EconBiz based on author Name
1. Climate change, large risks, small risks, and the value per statistical life
abstractWe conduct a contingent valuation survey in Spain and the UK to elicit information about the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for heat wave watch and response programs. We find that people are willing to pay for such programs, and that the WTP (€ 50 for each of 10 years; 2019 PPP euro) is virtually the same across the two countries and across respondents that received two alternate presentations of the mortality risks with and without the programs. The responses to the WTP questions are internally consistent. Persons who re-assessed their own risks as "very high" after reading the questionnaire's information about the health effects of excessive heat are prepared to pay more for these programs. These persons are in poor health and less highly educated, and thus an important priority for outreach and education efforts by heat wave watch and response programs. That people value saving lives during heat waves as important is confirmed by the results of person tradeoffs, which show that avoiding a fatality during heat waves is comparable to avoiding a cancer fatality, is slightly more valuable than an avoiding a cardiovascular fatality, and definitely more valuable than an avoided road traffic fatality. The Value per Statistical Life implied by the WTP for the programs is € 1.1 million to € 4.7 million (2019 PPP euro), depending on the size of the mortality risk reduction valued by the respondent, for an average of € 1.6 million.
Alberini, Anna; Ščasný, Milan;2024
Type: Graue Literatur; Non-commercial literature; Arbeitspapier; Working Paper;
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Link Link 2. Heterogeneous effects of government energy assistance programs : Covid-19 lockdowns in the Republic of Georgia
abstractDuring the Covid-19 pandemic, the governments of many countries adopted measures to support the population during the lockdowns and periods of reduced economic activity. In the Republic of Georgia, in April 2020 the government announced that it would pay the electricity bills of residential customers in April and May 2020, effectively making electricity free, as long as usage would not exceed 200 kWh/month. In August 2020, the government announced that the policy would be in force again in November and December 2020, and January and February 2021. We examine meter readings from the entire country outside of the Tbilisi city limits, finding that the average household increased usage by some 5% above and beyond their normal. This figure however masks considerable heterogeneity in the effects of the policy across urban, rural, and "high mountain" status areas. We examine the possibility that awareness of the policy might decrease with the distance from the capital Tbilisi, but find little evidence of "distance decay" effect. We find that, as suggested by economic theory, in the months when the policy is in place low-volume consumers increase their electricity usage and high-volume consumers decrease it in an effort to make the 200 kWh mark. Assuming that the increase in electricity demand was met with imports and domestic generation by gas-fired power plants, our models predict that in our sample CO2 emissions increased by 2,028 tons during the "free electricity months," despite an actual reduction among the residents of large cities.
Alberini, Anna; Bezhanishvili, Levan; Ščasný, Milan;2023
Type: Graue Literatur; Non-commercial literature; Arbeitspapier; Working Paper;
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Link Link 3. Competing forces in the German new car market : how do they affect diesel, PHEV, and BEV sales?
abstractWith more than 3 million new passenger cars sold every year, Germany’s automobile industry is a major player on the European car market, and one seen as an important arena for achieving climate protection targets. Using high-resolution car registration data from each state in Germany between January 2015 to March 2020, we estimate reduced-form panel data models to identify the effects of three flagship policies aimed at reducing transport emissions from cars: diesel bans, rebates for battery vehicles, and subsidies for charging station projects. The models show that the policies have significant effects on the sales of specific powertrains. But policy simulations that incorporate estimates of lifecycle CO2-emissions reveal that they have only negligible effects on emission reductions and are costly. Rebates on the purchase of a battery-electric or plug-in hybrids result in a cost per ton of reduced CO2-emissions of over €1000. Even the most optimistic scenarios result in a cost per ton of CO2-reduced by subsidies for the construction of charging stations of at least €400. These figures are very large when compared with the cost of abatement implicit in the price of allowances on the European Emissions Trading System, with important implications on cross-sectoral trading, such as that envisioned in the European Union’s Fit-for-55 program.
Alberini, Anna; Vance, Colin;2023
Type: Graue Literatur; Non-commercial literature; Arbeitspapier; Working Paper;
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Link Link 4. Climate change, large risks, small risks, and the value per statistical life
Alberini, Anna; Ščasný, Milan;2024
Type: Working Paper;
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5. The Effect of Pricing Instruments on CO2 Emissions
abstractThis study investigates the emission reduction effects of a mix of market-based climate policies in Australia, where a dramatic ramp-up of incentives for renewable electricity generation was paired with a short-lived carbon tax. A synthetic control method is employed to estimate the joint effect of the policies. Contrary to the general perception in the existing literature, this study shows that the green electricity and carbon tax policies together caused a 7 percent reduction in emissions per capita from 2009 to 2018. The emission reduction impacts attenuated when the carbon price was repealed, and the renewable targets were softened. The study also finds that the policy mix did not reduce the production of Australian coal and may have expanded its export. The findings suggest that even imperfect climate change mitigation policies can have substantial and persistent effects on emissions as well as unintended consequences
Alberini, Anna; Kraynak, Daniel; Timilsina, Govinda;2024
Availability: Link
6. What are the benefits of government assistance with household energy bills? : evidence from Ukraine
Alberini, Anna; Umapathi, Nithin;2024
Type: Aufsatz in Zeitschrift; Article in journal;
Availability: Link Link
7. "Wild" tariff schemes : evidence from the Republic of Georgia
abstractConsumers often struggle to grasp complicated pricing plans, including increasing block rate (IBR) schemes, which have been used for decades by utilities in many parts of the world. The assumption that they encourage conservation has, however, recently been challenged (Ito, 2014). We take advantage of the unique IBR tariffs for electricity in the Republic of Georgia-where "overage" is penalized more heavily than in conventional IBRs-to ask whether consumers respond to price, and to which price specifically. Based on the data from several waves of the Georgia Household Budget Survey, we find evidence of "notches," namely missing probability mass on the right of the lowest block cutoff and a spike in the frequency of monthly consumption to the left of it. This is in contrast with the "bunching" pattern predicted by Borenstein (2009) when demand is not completely inelastic, and with the empirical evidence in Borenstein (2009) and Ito (2014). During our study period (2012-2019), the tariffs were revised-both downwards and upwards-to a different extent in different blocks and at different times across the regions of the country. We devise difference-in-difference study designs that exploit such natural experiments, finding that consumption did increase when the tariffs were reduced and fell when they were raised. Ours is one of the few studies that exploits quasi experimental conditions to examine whether the response to price changes is symmetric. We find that it is, in that the implied price elasticity of electricity demand is in both cases -0.3. Finally, we fit an electricity demand function, which results in an even stronger price elasticity (-0.5). Households seem to respond to the actual, average price (here equal to the marginal price) rather than to expected price. Our estimates of the price elasticity bode well for a carbon tax, an energy tax, or simple tariff increases to help curb imports of gas-fired electricity from neighboring countries.
Alberini, Anna; Bezhanishvili, Levan; Ščasný, Milan;2021
Type: Graue Literatur; Non-commercial literature; Arbeitspapier; Working Paper;
Availability: Link Link Link
8. Drive less, drive better, or both? : behavioral adjustments to fuel price changes in Germany
abstractThe demand for motor fuel should decline when its price rises, but how exactly does that happen? Do people drive less, do they drive more carefully to conserve fuel, or do they do both? To answer these questions, we use data from the German Mobility Panel from 2004 to 2019, taking advantage of the fluctuations in motor fuel prices over time and across locales to see how they affect Vehicle Kilometers Traveled (VKT) and on-road fuel economy (expressed in kilometers per liter). Our reduced-form regressions show that while the VKTs driven by gasoline cars decrease when the price of gasoline rises, their fuel economy tends to get worse. It is unclear why this happens. Perhaps attempts to save on gasoline-cutting on solo driving, forgoing long trips on the highway, driving more in the city-end up compromising the fuel economy. By contrast, both the VKTs and the fuel economy of diesel cars appear to be insensitive to changes in the price of diesel. Latent class models confirm our main findings, including the fact that while fuel prices, car attributes, and household and location characteristics explain much of the variation in the VKTs, it remains difficult to capture the determinants of on-road fuel economy. Since the price elasticity of fuel consumption is the difference between the price elasticity of VKT and the price elasticity of the fuel economy, our results suggest that the fuel economy might be the "weakest link" of price-based policies that seek to address environmental externalities, such as a carbon tax.
Alberini, Anna; Horvath, Marco; Vance, Colin;2021
Type: Graue Literatur; Non-commercial literature; Arbeitspapier; Working Paper;
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Link Link 9. Competing forces in the German new car market: How do they affect diesel, PHEV, and BEV sales?
Alberini, Anna; Vance, Colin;2023
Type: Working Paper;
Availability:
Link 10. Heterogeneous effects of government energy assistance programs: Covid-19 lockdowns in the Republic of Georgia
Alberini, Anna; Bezhanishvili, Levan; Ščasný, Milan;2023
Type: Working Paper;
Availability:
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